When the castle was captured by the French, Knox spent two years as a galley slave before becoming involved in the Protestant church in England and on the Continent.
Knox played a key role in the Protestant rebellion of and the events leading up to it. His masterwork was his massive History of the Reformation in Scotland , which provided an account of the events of the rebellion from the viewpoint of the reformers and attempted to legitimise the actions of the Lords of the Congregation. He died at St Andrews in Becoming governor on the death of James V in December , over the course of Arran negotiated an alliance with Henry VIII that agreed the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the young Prince Edward and authorised the reading of the bible in the vernacular.
The return from France in late of his staunchly Catholic brother John Hamilton, Abbot of Paisley and from Archbishop of St Andrews and from England of Matthew Stewart,fourth earl of Lennox who had a strong claim to the Scottish throne from another branch of the Stewart family , along with the widespread socio-economic disruption caused by anti-clerical riots, prompted Hamilton to quickly reverse his pro-Protestant pro-English policy. He remained regent until when Mary of Guise replaced him.
Beaton studied at St Andrews and Orleans, and began his rise to prominence under the patronage of John Stewart, fourth duke of Albany and governor of Scotland between and In he helped negotiate a French marriage for James V in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Rouen , and was appointed to the commendatorship of Arbroath. He made a name for himself as an administrator in Scottish central government and as a diplomatic agent to the French court between and , spending four and a half of the ten years after in France.
In Francis I nominated him to the French bishopric of Mirepoix, to which he acceded on 5 December. In December of the following year he was made one of five new cardinals created by the pope. Following the death of the king in late , Beaton clashed with the earl of Arran on the regency council and was initially imprisoned by him in the first half of Beaton was an active prosecutor of heresy as archbishop, and in spring he was made legate a latere , which gave him broad powers to act on behalf of the pope in the affairs of the Scottish church.
Beaton was blamed for the military assaults against Scotland by Henry VIII between and following the repudiation of the English alliance, and his trial and execution of the protestant preacher George Wishart on 1 March sparked outrage among the Protestant Anglophile faction. He was assassinated by a small group of Fife lairds during a dawn raid on St Andrews Castle on 29 May, and his body preserved in a casket of salt and subjected to ritual humiliation.
Mary was a member of the powerful French house of Guise, who had close links to the ruling Valois dynasty. She died in the early hours of 11 June Andrews, whose heresies were detected, who was burnt at the stake at St. Andrews in Glauben, Riten, Heilige, ed. Brockhaus, Mannheim, Leipzig, , p. B W Britta Wirth Author. Add to cart. A conclusion will be given at the end of this term paper. A short thematical overview Nowadays the Church of Scotland, accounting more than What are Presbyters and Calvinists?
The Reformation split the church into two communities, the one of the new faith and the other of the old faith, meaning the Church of Rome. John Knox Born in Giffordgate in , John Knox was ordained as priest in and started preaching in Sign in to write a comment. Read the ebook.
Scotland - an easy prey for England. Building Scotland in Literature. Devolution in Scotland: Handout, Tran Shipbuilding in Scotland. The Highland myth as an invented trad Scotland - An Independent State Withi By the end of the 15th century, the church had become massively influential and hugely wealthy.
It had vast tracts of land, huge abbeys, and fine cathedrals. But it was also bloated and corrupt, and it had started to sew the seeds of its own destruction. Despite its power and its influence, many ordinary Scottish people had simply stopped going to church by the year They were becoming fed up with some of its less reputable practices, such as the custom where indulgences promising someone a better life in the next world were sold for cash which then went to pay for the upkeep of the Pope and his cohorts in Rome.
All over Europe, dissatisfaction with the state of the Catholic church was breaking out. But there were particular grievances in Scotland. Parish churches, for instance, were having their wealth seized by the great abbeys and cathedrals.
The situation had become so bad that the bishops were living in splendour and Scottish cathedrals were some of the most glorious buildings in the country, while ordinary priests - often ill-trained and illiterate - were on the edge of poverty, and their churches were literally falling down through neglect.
There were other scandals, too. The rules of celibacy which clerics were supposed to adhere to were often not just ignored, but made a mockery of. Archbishop Beaton of St Andrews, for instance, had no less than eight illegitimate children, while Bishop Hepburn of Moray had nine. Monks kept women in their monasteries, and on Iona - the sacred isle which was the cradle of Christianity in Scotland - one of the nuns was the daughter of one of the monks. Many ordinary priests did their best in difficult circumstances, but they were swimming against an impossible tide.
By the 16th century, nearly half of all illegitimate children in Scotland were born to the clergy. King James V, who had come to the throne when his father James IV had been slain at the disastrous Battle of Flodden in , ordered the church to reform itself, but he had nine illegitimate children of his own, so he was hardly in a position to set an example.
There was no doubt that things had to change. The historian and author Father Mark Dilworth, a former Keeper of the Scottish Catholic Archives and an authority on the Scottish Reformation, says that the Catholic church itself recognised this. Knox blamed the economic grievances amongst the poor upon those who had the political power to change the situation, most notably Marie de Guise, Regent of Scotland and on her return to Scotland in , Queen Mary Stewart or as she is more popularly known, Mary Queen of Scots.
In his early years, Knox experienced the loss of his peers Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart who were leaders in the Protestant cause. During the early sixteenth century Protestantism was a relatively new concept and not accepted widely in Early Modern Europe.
The executions of Wishart and Hamilton stirred Knox and he used the ideas of martyrdom and persecution in his writings to act as criticisms against the Catholic institutions and to preach corruption in the Early Modern World.
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