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All salivary glands are supplied by cholinergic parasympathetic nerves which release acetylcholine that binds to M3 and to a lesser extent M1 muscarinic receptors, evoking the secretion of saliva by acinar cells in the endpieces of the salivary gland ductal tree.
Most salivary glands also receive a variable innervation from sympathetic nerves which released noradrenaline from which tends to evoke greater release of stored proteins, mostly from acinar cells but also ductal cells. The Submandibular Gland The submandibular glands are of intermediate size and lie just inside the lower-back parts of the mandible jaw in the floor of the mouth. The Sublingual Glands The sublinguals are the smallest glands and are located just under the floor of the mouth, above the mylohyoid muscle.
Where does Saliva go? Saliva is primarily involved at the beginning of the swallowing process. Why have Saliva? Saliva has many uses within the human body. It primarily: Begins digestion. The enzyme Amylase in saliva begins the process of the breaking down of carbohydrates of food in the mouth. Lubricates the tongue and lips for smooth and clear articulation of speech. Protects the lining of the mouth from damage caused by abrasive foods and objects. Assists with acidity levels in the digestive tract.
Bicarbonate ions regulates the pH levels in the mouth and eosphagus. Acts as a solvent so that substances in the mouth can be tasted. Maintains a clean and hygienic mouth and carries anti-bacterial agents immunoglobulins. They destroy micro-organisms and remove toxic substances.
Influences on saliva production The general pattern of saliva production is that it is greater during the day than at night and when upright rather than lying down.
Potent stimuli for increased salivation include the presence of food or irritating substances in the mouth, and thoughts of or the smell of food. Knowing that salivation is controlled by the brain will also help explain why many psychic stimuli also induce excessive salivation - for example, why some dogs salivate all over the house when it's thundering.
What then are the important functions of saliva? Saliva serves many roles, some of which are important to all species, and others to only a few:. Diseases of the salivary glands and ducts are not uncommon in animals and man, and excessive salivation is a symptom of almost any lesion in the oral cavity. The dripping of saliva seen in rabid animals is not actually a result of excessive salivation, but due to pharyngeal paralysis, which prevents saliva from being swallowed.
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